This material prepared and compiled by Akula. Praveen Kumar, SPM, Papannapet Sub Office-502 303, Medak Division, Andhra Pradesh,
Disclaimer:- All Material/Questions/Information provided in this post are Compiled by A. Praveen Kumar for in good faith of Departmental Employees. The types of questions, number of questions and standard of questions may be vary in actual examination. This is my predictions only. Author of blog does not accepts any responsibility in relation to the accuracy, completeness, usefulness or otherwise, of the content
2. ANALOGY - PART-2 - REASONING ABILITY MATERIAL
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In another case, we may have four or five words where all but one of them have
some similarity on the basis of which they could be classified in one class
whereas one of the words is not similar, and hence it becomes the odd man
out. Thus we see that there are two important types of questions that can
be asked in competitive examinations. These are: (i) Analogy (ii) Classification. Both
these problems can be asked with respect to both meaningful words and non-meaningful
words. We first study analogy for both these types of words. This
can be of two types (A) Analogy for Meaningful Words (B) Analogy
for Non-meaningful Words. Let us discuss both of these types of Analogy
one by one in the following pages.
(A) Analogy for Meaningful Words:
In order to
establish the analogy between a pair of words we need to determine the
relationship that exists between any pair of words. For this purpose we
are giving below an exhaustive study of various possible relationships between
any pair of words.
Kind of Word Relationships:
The relationships in
word analogies fall into certain types or categories. For example, in
WRITER: BOOK, the relationship is that of the PRODUCER and the PRODUCT.
Most word analogies fall into a comparatively small number of such
categories. If the candidate is able to recognize the pattern to which a
particular pair belongs, then analogy questions become very easy. Important
relationships are given below.
(a) Opposite Relationship:
The two words of the question pair are opposites to one another in meaning and
that relationship has to be discovered from the answer choice word pairs. For
example,
1. Alienation : Allegiance Never : Always
2. Poor : Rich
Slim : Stout
3. Love ; Hate Husky : Thin
4. Humorous : Gloomy Meet : Avoid
5. Exempt : Obliged Suavity : Bluntness
(b) Synonymous
Relationship:
The two words of the
question pair are similar in meaning and that relationship has to be found
among the words given in the answer choice word pairs. For example,
1. Escape : Abscond Idea : Notion
2. Husky : Beefy Meet : Contact
3. Slim ; Thin Kind : Benevolent
4. Stout : Portly Enormous : Huge
5. Synthetic : Artificial Endless : Eternal
(c) Cause and Effect Relationship:
In this type of word relationship, the first word is the action and the second
word is the effect or vice versa. For example,
1. Shoot : Kill Insult : Humiliate
2. Race : Fatigue Fast : Hunger
By shooting (action), you will kill (effect); similarly, by racing
(action) you get fatigued (effect).
(d) Worker and Article Relationship:
These analogies include a person and the thing or article he creates (makes/produces):
For example,
1. Author : Novel Sculptor : Bust
2. Poet : Poem Writer : Book
3. Carpenter : Chair Composer : Symphony
An author (worker) is one who writes a novel (article); similarly,
a poet (worker) is one who writes a poem (article).
(e) Worker and Tool Relationship:
Here, the first term describes the person and the second term describes the
tool used by him to carry out his function: For example,
1. SURGEON
: FORCEPS WRITER
: PEN
2.
TAILOR
: SEWING MACHINE TYPIST
: TYPEWRITER
3.
HUNTER
: GUN
A surgeon (worker) uses forceps (tool) while doing surgery,
similarly a writer (worker) uses pen (tool) during writing something.
(f) Tool and Object Relationship:
This is a
relationship between a tool and the object on which it works. For
example,
1.
PEN
: PAPER
KNIFE
: MEAT
2.
SAW
: WOOD HAMMER
: NAIL
(g) Whole and Part, Part and Whole, and Part and Part
Relationship:
In ‘whole and part relationship’, the second word of
the pair represents something that is part of what the first word stands
for. In case of ‘part and whole relationship’ the first word
of the question pair represents something that is part of what the second word
stands for. Another relationship that can exist is that of ‘part and
part relationship’ in which both the words in the question
pair are parts of a bigger thing. These relationships can be illustrated
as follows. For example,
- CAR: WHEEL (CAR an object as a whole;
WHEEL a part of the object) Whole and Part relationship.
- COIL: MOTOR (COIL a part of an object;
MOTOR an object as a whole) Part and Whole relationship.
- HEAD: LEGS (HEAD a part of an object, LEGS
also part of an object ie both are parts of BODY) Part and
Part relationship.
While observing these relationships, the candidates are required
to look for the function, location, position and similar other characteristics
of the object which closely define a part from an object as a whole.
(h) Degree of Difference (or Intensity) Relationship.
The two words of the given pair are similar in meaning, but one
word is stronger or greater in degree or weaker or lesser in degree than the
other word in the pair. For example,
(1) HOT:
WARM
2) NIP: CRUSH
HOT and WARM are both opposites to cold and therefore, similar in
meaning. But HOT is more intense (greater in degree) than WARM.
Similarly, NIP means “compress tightly”, whereas CRUSH means “press with force
that destroys.” The degree of difference must always flow in the same
direction in the answer-pair as it does in the question pair. Moreover,
the degree of difference in the answer pair should be relatively the same as
the degree of difference in the question pair.
(i) Classification Relationship (class-species)
The classification of words can be biological, chemical, physical
or on any other basis, and the first word may be classified by the second word
or vice versa. Also, there can be defining relationships,
i.e., one word of the pair defines the other. For example,
COW : MAMMAL (Biological
Classification)
ICE
: WATER (Physical Classification)
Also note
other examples:
1.
LOBSTER :
INVERTERBRATE
BUFFALO :
MAMMAL
2.
LIZARD :
REPTILE OSTRICH :
BIRD
3.
WHALE :
MAMMAL
(j) Functional Relationship:
The words in the word pair may also have functional relationship,
i.e., the second word describes the function of the first word. For
example,
1.
GENERAL : COMMANDS SENATOR
: LEGISLATES
2.
SURGEON : OPERATES JUDGE
: HEARING
(k) Gender Relationship:
1.
BULL
: COW DUCK
: BRAKE
2.
MAN
: WOMAN BOY :
GIRL
3. DRONE
: BEE
STAG
: DOE
4. NEPHEW
: NIECE
(l) Sequential Relationship:
The first word in the pair stands for something that is usually
followed by what the second word in the pair stands for. In other words,
there is a sequential relationship between the pair, i.e., one follows the
other. For example,
1. MORNING :
EVENING
DAY
: NIGHT
2. NINE :
TEN
(m) Finished Product and Raw Material Relationship:
One of the words in the word pair is the end/finished product and
the other word is related to the raw material used to produce the end/finished
product. For example,
1.
FLOUR
:
BREAD GRAPE
: WINE
2. FRESH
MILK
: MILK POWDER
LATEX
: RUBBER
3. YARN
: FABRIC PULP
: PAPER
(n) Quantity and Unit Relationship:
One of the words in the word pair is the unit of the second word
of the word pair.
For example, MASS
: KILOGRAM
LENGTH :
METRE
WORK
: JULE
(o) Characterization Relationship:
In the word pair, the first word characterizes or is characterized
by the second word in the pair. The first word may be an object, a person
or a place. Characterization relationship is of two kinds.
(i) Proper
Characterization: Proper characterization is one where the
relation between the two items is natural i.e., ‘what it should be.’ For
instance HOST : HOSPITABLE. It is a natural relationship; that is, one
expects a host to be hospitable.
(ii) Opposite
Characterization: Sometimes you may find opposite
characterization relationship between the words. For instance, DIPLOMAT:
TACTLESS. No one would expect a diplomat to be tactless. If any of
the above characterization relationship is found in the question pair, you have
to search for a similar relationship in the answer choices. For example,
HUMANITARIAN
: ALTRUISTIC : : HOST : HOSPITABLE
COWARD: INTREPID: : DIPLOMAT :
TACTLESS
(p) Utility Relationship:
1. CHAIR
: SITTING
BED
: SLEEPING
2.
CAR
: DRIVING
PEN
: WRITING
3. GUN
: KILLING
(q) Comparative relationship:
The words in the word pair have the relationship by which each
other is generally compared. For example,
AS BLACK as
COAL
As RED as
BLOOD
(r) Place relationship:
The word pair consists of an object represented by one term and
its location by the second term. For example,
1.
DELHI
: RED FORT
PUNJAB :
LUDHIANA
“Delhi” and “Red Fort” have the relationship of place, i.e., Red
Fort is in Delhi, similarly, as Ludhiana is in Punjab.
(s) Association Relationship:
In the word pair the items are inter-related. The first term
in the word pair is associated (functionally, utility-wise, duty-related, etc.)
with the second term in some respect. For example,
1.
TIME :
CLOCK
PEN :
INK
2. AIR
PRESSURE: BAROMETER
CAT
: FELINE
3.
HORSE
: EQUINE
(t) Purpose Relationship:
One term in the word pair describes an article/object and the
second term its purpose or usage. For example,
SAND PAPER
: ABRASION
OIL
: LUBRICATION
(u) Symbolic Relationship:
In the word pair, first word is the symbol of the second word and
vice versa. For example,
GREEN
: CLEAR
STARS
: RANK
BLACK
: SORROW MACE
: MAJESTY
DEGREE
: KNOWLEDGE RED-ROSS
: HOSPITAL
SWASTIKA :
FORTUNE RED
: DANGER
VICTORIA
CROSS
: BRAVERY
An Analysis of the Above Relationship:
A Mace is a symbol of Majesty, it signifies
authority. A Degree also signifies a person’s level of
knowledge. Hence, a degree signifies that someone possesses
knowledge. Green, it may be light or flag, signifies
road or traffic Clear sign. Similarly Red-cross symbolizes
a Hospital. Crown signifies authority of Monarch and Swastika sign
symbolizes fortune and luck. Stars in the army
signify Rank and Red signifies Danger.
Black colour symbolizes Sorrow and Victoria
Cross is taken of Bravery.
(v) Age Relationship:
In the word pair, first word is the young one of the second word
or vice-versa. Second word may be one of the parents (male or
female). For example,
LION
: CUB
HUMAN :
CHILD
CYGNET : SWAN
HARE
: LEVEREST
DUCK : DUCKLING CATERPILLAR: BUTTERFLY
The above discussed relationships are some of the most common word
relationships that can be presented in analogy tests. In addition to
these, there are some more word relationships which have been given below and
some of which include the ones already explained.
1. COUNTRIES AND CAPITAL
Ex. Afghanistan: Kabul
Kabul is the capital of
Afghanistan.
Some more examples are given
below: -
Australia : Canberra Canada : Ottawa Japan :
Tokyo
Austria : Vienna Spain : Madrid Italy :
Rome
Bangladesh : Dhaka Greece : Athens Egypt :
Cairo
Bhutan : Thimpu China : Beijing France : Paris
Iraq : Baghdad Iran : Teheran India :
Delhi
Denmark : Copenhagen Nepal : Katmandu Cuba :
Havana
Portugal : Lisbon Kenya : Nairobi Norway :
Oslo
Sri Lanka : Colombo Pakistan : Islamabad Thailand :
Bangkok
Indonesia : Jakarta Russia : Moscow UK :
London
USA : Washington
2. States and Capital
Ex. Maharashtra : Mumbai
Mumbai is the capital of
Maharasthra
Karnataka :Bangalore Assam : Dispur Bihar :
Patna
Orissa :Bhubaneswar Rajasthan : Jaipur Sikkim : Gangtok
Gujarat : Ahmedabad U.P : Luknow Kerala :
Trivandrum
Himachal Pradesh : Shimla Meghalya :
Shilong Nagaland : Mizorzm
Tamilnadu : Chennai Andhra
Pradesh: Hyderabad West Bengal : Kolkata
3. Country and Currency
Ex. Rupee : India Argentina : Peso Bangladesh :
Taka
Burma : Kyat China : Yuan Greece :
Drachma
Iran : Rial Iraq : Dinar Japan : Yen
Korea : Won Kuwait : Dinar UK :
Pound
USA : Dollar Thailand : Baht UAE :
Dirham
Turkey : Lira Spain : Pesta Russia : Rouble
Germany : Mark Netherlands : Guilder Sweden :
Krona
4. Quantity and Unit
Ex. Length : Meter Mass : Kilogram Time :
Second
Force : Newton Energy : Joule Resistance : Ohm
Volume : Litre Angle : Radians Power :
Watt
Potential : Volt Work : Joule Current : Ampere
Pressure : Pascal Area : Hectare Temperature : Degrees
Conductivity : Mho Luminosity : Candela Magnetic Field:Oersted
6 Individual and Group
Ex. Sailor : Crew Cattle : Herd Sheep : Flock
Flower : Bouquet Bees : Swarm Riders Cavalcade
Man : Crowed Grapes : Bunch Singer : Chorus
Artist : Troupe Soldier : Army Fish :
Shoal
Nomads : Hoarde Players : Team Musician :
Band
Pupils : Class Pilgrims : Caravan Geese :
Gaggle
Chicken : Brood Termites : Colony Goods :
Stock
Drawers: Chest
7 Animal and Young one
Ex. Cow and Calf
Bear : Cub Hen : Chick Cat :
Kitten
Horse : Colt/Filly/Foal Lion/Tiger : Cub Man : Child
Duck : Duckling Sheep : Lamb Insect :
Larva
Butterfly : Caterpillar Stag : Fawn Frog :
Tadpole
Dog :Puppy Deer :Fawn Swan :
Cygnet
Cockroach : Nymph
Male and Female
Ex. Horse :Mare Dog :Bitch Bull :Cow
Cock : Hen Drone :Bee Stag :Doe
Lion : Lioness Colt :Filly Bullock :Heifer
Gander : Goose Fox :Vixen Drake :Duck
Bachelor : Spinster Nephew :Niece Son :Daughter
Lord : Lady Brother :Sister Wizared :Witch
Monk : Nun Master :Mistress Tutor : Governess
Earl : Countess
Cock : Hen Drone :Bee Stag :Doe
Lion : Lioness Colt :Filly Bullock :Heifer
Gander : Goose Fox :Vixen Drake :Duck
Bachelor : Spinster Nephew :Niece Son :Daughter
Lord : Lady Brother :Sister Wizared :Witch
Monk : Nun Master :Mistress Tutor : Governess
Earl : Countess
Animal and Movement
Bird : Fly Cock : Strut Eagle :
Swoop
Owl : Flit Bear : Lumber Donkey Trot
Elephant :Amble Horse :Gallop Lamb :
Frisk
Loin :Prowl Mouse :Scamper Rabbit :
Leap
Animal/Thing and Sound
Donkey : Bray Frog : Crock Goat :
Bleat
Horse : Neigh Snake : Hiss Jackal :
Howl
Mice : Squawk Cat : Mew Cattle :
Low
Camel : Grunt Owl :Hoot Sparrow :
Chirp
Crow :Caw Duck :Quack Hen : Cackle
Cock :Crow Elephant :Trumpet Monkey :
Gibber
Thunder :Roar Leaves :Rustle Rain :
Patter
Bells :Chime Drum :Beat Coin :
Jingle
Individual/ Things and Class
Man :Mammal Buterfly :Insect Whale : Mammal
Ostrich :Bird Snake :Reptile Rat :
Rodent
Frog :Amphibian Pen :Stationery Curtain :
Drapery
Chair :Funiture Cup :Crockery Shirt :
Garment
Individual and Dwelling Place
Ex. Dog: Kennel
Bee :hive Bird :Nest Cow : Byre/Pen Eagle :Eyrie
Hare :Burrow Horse : Stable Lion :Den Mouse :Hole
Owl : Barn Pig :Sty Spider :Web Convict: Prison
Hare :Burrow Horse : Stable Lion :Den Mouse :Hole
Owl : Barn Pig :Sty Spider :Web Convict: Prison
Eskimo:Igloo Gypsy :Carvan King : Palace Knight :Mansion
Lunatic:Asylum Monk : Monastery Nun :Convent Peasant:Cottage
Soldier: Barracks
Lunatic:Asylum Monk : Monastery Nun :Convent Peasant:Cottage
Soldier: Barracks
Animal/ thing And Keeping
Place
Ex. Car: Garage
Aeroplane :Hanger Bees : Apiary Birds : Aviary Animal :Zoo
Cloths :Wardobe Fish : Aquarium Grains :Granery Guns :Armoury
Curios : Museum Medicine:Dispensary Patient: Hospital Wine : Cellar
Cloths :Wardobe Fish : Aquarium Grains :Granery Guns :Armoury
Curios : Museum Medicine:Dispensary Patient: Hospital Wine : Cellar
Workers and Tool
Ex. Blacksmith : Anvil
Carpenter : Saw Chef :Knife Woodcutter :
Axe
Soldier :Gun Warrior : Sword Doctor :Stethoscope
Farmer :Plough Author :Pen Surgeon : Scalpel
Soldier :Gun Warrior : Sword Doctor :Stethoscope
Farmer :Plough Author :Pen Surgeon : Scalpel
Gardener : Harrow Mason :Plumbline Sculptor :
Chinsel
Labourer : Spade Tailor : Needle
Tool and Action
Ex. Needle and Sew
Knife : Cut Gun : Shoot Spoon :
Feed
Binocular : View Sword : Slaughter Shovel :
Scoop
Chisel :Carve Oar :Row Axe :
Grind
Auger :Bore Spade :Dig Shield :
Guard
Mattock :Dig Pen :Write Spanner :
Grip
Tongs :Hold Microscope :Magnify Loudspeaker : Amplify
Workers and Working Place
Ex. Chef: Kitchen
Farmer : Field Teacher :School Clerk :
Office
Sailor :Ship Engineer :Site Warrior : Battlefield
Doctor :Hospital Servant :House Grocer :
Shop
Painter :Gallery Waiter :Restaurant Worker :
Factory
Umpire :Pitch Gambler: Casino Beautician :
Parlor
Artist :Theatre Actor :Stage Mechanic :
Garage
Lawyer :Court Scientist :Laboratory Astronomer :Obsevatory
Workers and Product
Ex. Manson: Wall
Choreographer: Ballet Dramatist :Play Cobbler : Shoe
Editor : Newspaper Producer :Film Chef : Food
Architect :Design Tailor :Clothes Poet :
Poem
Farmer :Crop Auther :Book Goldsmith :
Ornament
Carpenter :Furniture Butcher :Meat Teacher :
Education
Product and raw Material
Ex. Prism: Glass
Butter :Milk Cloth :Fibre Paper :
pulp
Wine :Grapes Fabric :Yarn Wall :
Brick
Road :Asphalt Furniture :Wood Book : Paper
Shoes :Leather Pullover :Wool Sack : Jute
Omelette :Egg Meta :Ore Jewellery :
Gold
Rubber :Latex Linen :Flax Jaggery :
Sugarcane
Part and Whole Relationship
Ex. Pen: Nib
Pencil :Lead Class :Student Clock :
needle
Circle :Arc House :Room Car :
Steering
Aeroplane :Cockpit Book :Chapter Fan :
Blade
Cart : Wheel
Pair Relationship
Ex. Shoes: Socks
Shirt :Trouser Chair :Table Lock :
key
Saree :Blouse Pencil :Eraser Door :
Window
Cup :Saucer Horse :Carriage Question :
Answer
StudyTopic
Ex. Ornithology: Birds
Anthropology:Man Entomology :Insect Botany : Plant
Seismology :Man Cadilogy Heart Mycology :
Fungi
Pathology :Disease Physiology :Body Haematology : Kidney
Palaeontology:Fossils Ichthyology :Fishes Herpeology :Ambhibian
Phycology :Algae Pedology :Soil Nephrology : Kidney
Taxonomy:Classification Selenography:Moon Eccrinology : Secretion
Word and Intensity
Ex. Anger: Rage
Wish :Desire Touch :Push Kindle :
Burn
Sink :Drown Qurrel :War Error :
Blunder
Famous :Renowned Unhappy :Sad Refuse : Deny
Crime :Sin Moisten :Drench Speak :
Shout
Word and Synonym
Ex. Abode: Dweling
Blend :Mix Solicit :Request Ban :
Prohibition
Flaw :Defect Fierce :Voiolent Fallacy :
Illusion
Substitute :Replace Mend :Repair Alight :
Descend
Pesume :Assume Brim :Edge House :
Home
Sedate :Calm Dissipate :Squander Dearth :
Scarsity
Abduct :Kidnap Vacant :Empty Prsage :
Predict
Word and Antonym
Ex. Attack : Defend
Advance :Retreat Sink Float Crual :
Kind
Robust :Weak Best :Worst Gentle :
Harsh
Deep :Shallow Fresh :Stale Ignore :
Notice
Cordial :Hostile Initial :Final Lethargy :
Alertness
Affirm :Deny Mourn :Rejoice Kindle :
Extinguish
Lend :Borrow Condense :Expand Create : Destroy
Gradual :Abrubt Chaos :
Peace
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